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In vivo Raman spectroscopic characteristics of different sites of the oral mucosa in healthy volunteers

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Abstract

Objectives

Investigate the biochemistry of in vivo healthy oral tissues through Raman spectroscopy. We aimed to characterize the biochemical features of healthy condition in oral subsites (buccal mucosa, lip, tongue, and gingiva) of healthy subjects. More specifically, we investigated Raman spectral characteristics and biochemical content of in vivo healthy tissues on Brazilian population. This characterization can be used to better define normal tissue and improve the detection of oral premalignant conditions in future studies.

Materials and methods

For spectroscopic analysis a Raman spectrometer (Kaiser Optical Systems imaging spectrograph Holospec, f / 1.8i-NIR) coupled with a laser 785 nm, 60 mW was used. Raman measurements were obtained by means of an optical fiber (EMVision fiber optic probe) coupled between the laser and the spectrometer. Three spectra per site were acquired from the lip, buccal mucosa, tongue, and gingiva of ten healthy volunteers. This resulted in 30 spectra per oral sub-site and in total 120 spectra.

Results

We report detailed biochemical information on these subsites and their relative composition based on deconvolution studies of their spectra. Finally, we also report classification efficiency of 61, 83, 41, and 93% for buccal, gingiva, lip, and tongue respectively after applying multivariate statistical tools.

Conclusions

We quantitated the contribution of various biochemicals in terms of percentage, and this will enable comparison not only across anatomical sites but also across studies. Raman spectroscopy can rapidly probe tissue biochemistry of healthy oral regions. Moreover, the study suggests the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy combined with signal processing and multivariate analysis methods to differentiate the oral sites in healthy conditions and compare with pathological conditions in future studies.

Clinical relevance

The spectral characterization of the healthy condition of oral tissues by a noninvasive, label-free, and real-time analytical techniques is important to create a spectral reference for future diagnosis of pathological conditions.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Eric Marple from EmVision LLC.

Funding

The work was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP-2014/05978-1) through Luis Felipe CS Carvalho’s scholarship. Luis Felipe das Chagas and Silva de Carvalho also thank FAPESP - 2018/03636-7, and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) PNPD Odontologia - Universidade de Taubaté, and Centro Universitário Braz Cubas for the Scientific Initiation Program and Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) through Tanmoy Bathacharjee’s scholarship.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Luis Felipe C. S. Carvalho, Marcelo Saito Nogueira and Tanmoy Bhattacharjee contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Dentistry and Applied Materials, Univap/Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Avenida Shishima Hifumi 2911, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP: 12244-000, Brazil

    Luis Felipe C. S. Carvalho, Maurílio Chagas & Luis Eduardo S. Soares

  2. Faculdade De Odontologia, Da Universidade De Taubaté (Unitau), Rua dos Operarios, 53, Taubate, SP, CEP 12020-270, Brazil

    Luis Felipe C. S. Carvalho

  3. Centro Universitário Braz Cubas, Mogi das Cruzes, São Paulo, Brazil

    Luis Felipe C. S. Carvalho

  4. Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings Complex, Dyke Parade, Cork, T12 R5CP, Ireland

    Marcelo Saito Nogueira

  5. Laboratory of Nanosensors, Univap/Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Avenida Shishima Hifumi 2911, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP:12244-000, Brazil

    Tanmoy Bhattacharjee

  6. Biomedical Engineering innovation Center-Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy Group, Universidade Brasil-UnBr, Rua Carolina Fonseca 235, Itaquera, São Paulo/SP, 08230-030, Brazil

    Lazaro P. M. Neto, Thiago O. Mendes & Airton A. Martin

  7. Univap/Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Avenida Shishima Hifumi 2911, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP:12244-000, Brazil

    Lucas Daun & Ramu Rajasekaran

Authors
  1. Luis Felipe C. S. Carvalho
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  2. Marcelo Saito Nogueira
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Contributions

L. F. C. S. C. participated in the study design, spectra collection, manuscript writing, managed the data analysis, and paper final remarks; M.S.N. participated in manuscript writing and revision, data analysis, paper final remarks, carried out all the classification, and spectral pre- and post-processing presented in the section “Accuracy improvement by other normalization and classification methods”; T. B. participated in manuscript writing, data analysis, paper final remarks, and carried out the spectral deconvolution and fitting. L. P. M. N. carried out spectra collection, L. D. carried out spectra collection, T. O. M. participated in data analysis, R. R. carried out spectra collection, M. C. participated in the study design, A. A. M. participated in the study design, and L. E. S. S. participated in the paper final remarks.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Luis Felipe C. S. Carvalho or Marcelo Saito Nogueira.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by Research Ethics Committee of Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (UNIVAP) via Plataforma Brasil-Brazil (number 1132237-2015).

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Carvalho, L.F.C.S., Nogueira, M.S., Bhattacharjee, T. et al. In vivo Raman spectroscopic characteristics of different sites of the oral mucosa in healthy volunteers. Clin Oral Invest 23, 3021–3031 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2714-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2714-5

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